Australian Professional Business Services: Implications of Growth

It seems to be commonly assumed that the growth of the professional services industries has been grown largely as a result of outsourcing. The authors briefly explore this question using input-output data for a number of OECD countries, focusing on Australia to address the issue of changing sectoral use patterns of professional services. The implications of the findings are presented within an institutional framework that notes the historical bias against business service sectors

Receiver operating characteristic analysis of eyewitness memory: Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of simultaneous versus sequential lineups

This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record.A police lineup presents a real-world signal-detection problem because there are two possible states of the world (the suspect is either innocent or guilty), some degree of information about the true state of the world is available (the eyewitness has some degree of memory for the perpetrator), and a decision is made (identifying the suspect or not). A similar state of affairs applies to diagnostic tests in medicine because, in a patient, the disease is either present or absent, a diagnostic test yields some degree of information about the true state of affairs, and a decision is made about the presence or absence of the disease. In medicine, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis is the standard method for assessing diagnostic accuracy. By contrast, in the eyewitness memory literature, this powerful technique has never been used. Instead, researchers have attempted to assess the diagnostic performance of different lineup procedures using methods that cannot identify the better procedure (e.g., by computing a diagnosticity ratio). Here, we describe the basics of ROC analysis, explaining why it is needed and showing how to use it to measure the performance of different lineup procedures. To illustrate the unique advantages of this technique, we also report three ROC experiments that were designed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of simultaneous vs. sequential lineups. According to our findings, the sequential procedure appears to be inferior to the simultaneous procedure in discriminating between the presence vs. absence of a guilty suspect in a lineup

The stop-signal paradigm

Response inhibition—the ability to stop responses that are no longer appropriate—is frequently studied with the stop‐signal paradigm. In the stop‐signal paradigm, participants perform a choice response time task that is occasionally interrupted by a stop signal. The stop signal prompts participants to withhold their response on that trial. Performance in the stop‐signal paradigm is typically formalized as a horse race between a go and a stop process. If the go process wins the race, the response in executed; if the stop process wins the race, the response is inhibited. The stop‐signal paradigm owes its popularity to the underlying horse‐race model that enables researchers to estimate the latency of the unobservable stop response. In this chapter, we present a theoretical review of the stop‐signal paradigm and the corresponding horse‐race model. First we focus on the standard independent horse‐race model and discuss the most important measures of inhibitory control in the stop‐signal paradigm. We then describe the latest developments in the model‐based analysis of stop‐signal data. We conclude the chapter with recommendations on how to run stop‐signal experiments and how to report and interpret the results of stop‐signal studies

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)

Working memory accounts for the ability of humans to perform cognitive processing, by handling both the representation of information (the mental picture forming the situation awareness) and the space required for processing these information (skill processing). The more complex the skills are, the more processing space they require, the less space becomes available for storage of information. This interplay between situation awareness and skills is critical in many applications. Theoretically, it is less understood in cognition and neuroscience. In the meantime, and practically, it is vital when analysing the mental processes involved in safety-critical domains

The Load-Based Learner Profile for Incidental Word Learning Task Generation

In recent years, the popularity and prosperity of mobile technologies and e-learning applications offer brand-new learning ways for people. English, as the most widely used language and the essential communication skill for people in the ‘earth village’ nowadays, has been widely learned by speakers of other languages. The importance of word knowledge in learning a second language is broadly acknowledged in the second language research literature. However, comparing with incidental word learning, the intentional learning method has the shortages of motivating reduction, simple acquisition and contextual deficiency. To address these problems, in this paper, we therefore proposed an incidental word learning model for e-learning. In particular, we measure the load of various incidental word learning tasks from the perspective of involvement load hypothesis so as to construct load-based learner profiles. To increase the effectiveness of various word learning activities and motivate learners better, a task generation method is developed based on the load-based learner profile. Moreover, we conduct experiments on real participants, and empirical results of which have further verified the effectiveness of the task generation method and the enjoyment of word learning.English Language Centr

Motor Learning and Consolidation: The Case of Visuomotor Rotation

Abstract Adaptation to visuomotor rotation is a particular form of motor learning distinct from force-field adaptation, sequence learning, and skill learn-ing. Nevertheless, study of adaptation to visuomotor rotation has yielded a number of findings and principles that are likely of general importance to procedural learning and memory. First, rotation learning is implicit and appears to proceed through reduction in a visual prediction error generated by a forward model, such implicit adaptation occurs even when it is in conflict with an explicit task goal. Second, rotation learning is subject to different forms of interference: retrograde, anterograde through aftereffects, and contextual blocking of retrieval. Third, opposite rotations can be recalled within a short time interval without interference if implicit contextual cues (effector change) rather than explicit cues (color change) are used. Fourth, rotation learning consolidates both over time and with increased initial training (saturation learning)